The Guatemalan Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 725 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The Guatemalan Civil War, a controversy between the Mayans and the government, was an injustice due to discrimination in the governmental system, ending in the mass genocide of the Mayan people. Not many people talk about or even know about this 36-year long catastrophe. During this terrible controversy, men, women, and children were killed due to a corrupt government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Guatemalan Civil War" essay for you Create order Countless civilians were scared throughout this whole embroilment, but some of them stood up and became There are many components that started, ended, and kept the Guatemalan Civil war going. Many of them were sad and discouraging, but there are also great events that happened, like the Mayans standing up to the corrupt Guatemalan government. The Mayans were always poor and discriminated against by the government and others. This was huge! It caused the Mayans to revolt in opposition to the Guatemalan government. Another element of the uprising is the Guatemalan military leaders fighting and disagreeing on many conditions. The Left (civilians) grew through their military and started a rebellion against the Right (government). The United States CIA chose the Right to support. The civilians became the guerrillas of Guatemala that would go against the government. This is what started the Guatemalan Civil War and living conditions went downhill from there. There were numerous events that escalated the Guatemalan Civil War. The government played a huge part in doing so, as well as the civilians. A man known as General Jose Efrain Rios Montt was elected president in 1982. Montt started to target anyone who was under suspicion of helping the guerrillas. From 1981 to 1982, there was a mass genocide in Ixil, Zacualpa, northern Huehuetenango, and Rabinal areas of Guatemala. Rios Montt then started something called Scorched Earth where if a village was under suspicion, he would send in troops to burn anything that was living and destroy all the water supplies. Doing this, Montt destroyed over 600 villages. The guerrillas also continued pressuring the government, which escalated the Guatemalan Civil War even more. One key factor stood out that ended the Guatemalan Civil War once and for all. A new president was elected, whose name was Alvaro Arzu. Under the jurisdiction of Arzu, there was a Peace Accord that was signed by both sides and the 36-year turmoil was, finally, put to rest. The Peace Accord was signed and put into action in December 1996. This arrangement called for improvement on human rights for the civilians of Guatemala. Although it was called a Peace Accord, it was more like a cease-fire. For there to be true peace, there have to be viable reforms put in place. There also has to be justice for the numerous human rights violations. The Guatemalan Civil War is also known as the Guatemalan Genocide and the Silent Holocaust. It was called given these two nicknames because of the thousands of civilians who died, were tortured, or were sexually violated. The Guatemalan Genocide is a real eye-opener for the rest of society as to how cruel people can be. I hope that I will never get caught up in a situation like the Guatemalan Genocide. I think because of that tragic event, people today are more careful, cautious, and even kinder to one another. Maybe not everyone was changed, but I feel that most people in the world who have either heard of or seen this happen have grown in a good way because of it. The Guatemalan Civil War was something that I thought would be excellent for this service project. The Guatemalan people have gone through a good deal of terrible things, and I think they might need our guidance and maybe even a little of our help to get them back on track. I am hoping to help with a fundraiser that will get the Grove Church, who includes: Jeff Helpan, Jodi Helpman, Braden Henry, and Matt Huet, to go on a trip to Guatemala. They go on this trip every year to help build houses for the widows and children. This is always a huge service to the people who survived the disastrous Civil War and the survivors children. One year, I hope to go on this trip, so I can help these people in a way that I might not get to help anyone else. I imagine it must feel great seeing the appreciation that the Guatemalans have for you.

Society Divided by Totalitarianism in George Orwell´s...

â€Å"The ultimate end of any ideology is totalitarianism† said Tom Robbins. Totalitarianism is a type of government where the political authorities have complete control over their citizens. George Orwell’s fictional novel, 1984, describes how the government has complete control of the past, present and future, language, and the thoughts of their citizens. The main character, Winston Smith, is an Outer Party member who lives in Oceania, a society based on totalitarianism. Big Brother, the dictator of Oceania is constantly monitoring his citizens, either by using the telescreens or hiring spies, to make sure there is no sign of rebellion. According to Goldstein’s book, The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, â€Å"there have been three kinds of people in the world, the High, the Middle, and the Low† (201). In 1984, it is shown that Goldstein’s theory continues to exist in Oceania society. The three social classes in Oceania are the p roletarians, also known as the proles, the Outer Party, and the Inner Party. The social class that an individual is placed in determines the extent of individual freedom they have and unspoken rules they must obey. Firstly, approximately eighty-five percent of the population in Oceania consists of the proletarians, or proles. The proles live in the poorest conditions out of all three classes. Their neighborhood consists of â€Å"two-story houses with battered doorways...puddles of filthy water... and a quarter of the [broken] windows† (82-83).Show MoreRelated1984 by George Orwell Essay822 Words   |  4 Pages1984 by George Orwell George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four is the ultimate negative utopia. Written in 1949 as an apocalyptic vision of the future, it shows the cruelty and pure horror of living in an utterly totalitarian world where all traces of individualism are being abolished. This novel was composed to denounce Hitler?s Germany and Stalin?s Russia and to create a warning to the rest of the world. It takes the reader through a year in the life of Winston Smith as he transforms from a rebelRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 1970 Words   |  8 Pages1984 by George Orwell George Orwell’s novel, 1984, focuses on heavily on a fairly small lineup of characters, mainly focusing on the central character and protagonist, Winston Smith whose central conflict stems from his moral discontent with the tyrannical Party. Winston is an ultimately very relatable character, an ordinary man who finds himself fighting for his very existence as an individual against the unrelenting will of the government. Unlike Julia, the only other confirmed rebel in the novelRead MoreNineteen Eighty Four By George Orwell Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesBook Review for Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell Jason Lee December 12, 2015 SECTION A Date published June 8, 1949 City where published London, England Publisher Secker Warburg Number of pages 267 SECTION B Summary of your book (key details only...address the beginning, middle, and end of the book) Nineteen Eighty-Four takes place in the fictional nationRead MorePlato s Views On Politics1802 Words   |  8 Pagespeople jeopardize such rights as privacy. In the novel 1984, Orwell explores the impact of lack of privacy by employing conflict, symbolism and tone. Conflict is used by Orwell to demonstrate how lack of privacy impacts the citizens. They cannot trust one another because they are afraid of being accused of committing â€Å"thoughtcrime† and being turned into the Thought Police. â€Å"Thoughtcrime does not entail death: thoughtcrime IS death† (Orwell 11). The author states that thoughtcrime is categorizedRead MoreEssay on Analysis of George Orwells 19844218 Words   |  17 PagesAnalysis of George Orwells 1984 War Is Peace. Freedom Is Slavery. Ignorance Is Strength. The party slogan of Ingsoc illustrates the sense of contradiction which characterizes the novel 1984. That the book was taken by many as a condemnation of socialism would have troubled Orwell greatly, had he lived to see the aftermath of his work. 1984 was a warning against totalitarianism and state sponsored brutality driven by excess technology. Socialist idealism in 1984 had turned to a total loss ofRead More 1984 Big Brother Is Watching You Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pagesin the novel 1984, by George Orwell. Authority was also a profound factor in Stanley Milgramamp;#8217;s experiment conducted in 1974. It seems that authority has been around longer than any of us can remember, and it is authority that dictates the way we act. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Authority is based on instinct. When we receive an order, we intuitively react and follow the command. At first, we do not think, nor contemplate the effects that come as a result of our actions. In 1984, we get

The system of slavery and resulting Free Essays

The system of slavery and resulting racial prejudice evoked negative reaction from many Americans. Their views came into conflict with the perception of slave labor as `normal` and economically sound part of everyday life prevalent in the mainstream community. some of them resorted to peaceful means for propaganda of their worldview like Harriet Beecher Stowe; others like Nat Turner initiated armed struggle to overthrow the hateful system. We will write a custom essay sample on The system of slavery and resulting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nat Turner’s rebellion continues to evoke a mixed response, depending supposedly on the race of the evaluator and position on racial issues. On the one hand, Nat Turner was definitely a man of great leadership skills, able to motivate many people to fight against inhuman conditions of the Southern plantations.On the other, he is known to have ordered the murder of al white people including children and women, and the list of the rebellion’s casualties includes many people whose contribution to exploitation was but marginal. Similarly questionable are the methods of guerrilla warfare used by John Brown to liberate the slaves. This story demonstrates that centuries after, America continues to be divided on the issue of race and ways to overcome racial tensions. Harriet Beecher Stowe is certainly a less controversial figure. Her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin is undoubtedly one of the most influential books in US history. Its significance was succinctly expressed by Abraham Lincoln in a personal meeting with the writer in 1862: â€Å"So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that started this Great War!†[1] While the President’s words were surely a polite exaggeration, it is certain that Stowe’s novel helped wake up many citizens who, much like herself before 1850, remained passive onlookers of slaves’ sufferings, informed those remote from the issue, and helped shape and develop the Abolitionist Movement. However, in the South she received negative publicity as people began to accuse her of exaggerating the horrors of slavery. To this date, Americans still live to some extent in the shadow of these events. Still, debates continue as to the need to compensate descendants for the atrocities of slavery, methods to be used for the rehabilitation of the African American community, and heroes of the anti-slavery struggle. For centuries, women remained on the sidelines of American society. Slowly but gradually, their role continued to rise as women’s rights entered the political agenda of the United States as an important issue. This change was made possible by the efforts of many outstanding women who upheld the cause of female liberation through the toughest of times. Harriet Beecher Stowe can be considered a precursor of the Feminist movement. In a letter to George Eliot, Stowe insisted that â€Å"emancipation of slaves must be followed by the emancipation of women†[2]. In an attempt to combine the two, Stowe wrote in New York newspaper Independent that women can be active in the abolitionist cause, striving to leverage their influence by signing petitions, sharing information, and organizing community anti-slavery events[3]. [1] Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. (2005). Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Life and Timeline. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from http://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/life/ [2] Cavendish, R. (2001). Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. History Today 51 (6), 54. [3] Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. (2005). Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Life and Timeline. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from http://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/life/ How to cite The system of slavery and resulting, Papers

A Study of Motivation

Question : Discuss about the Study of Motivation in Marketing ? Answer : Introduction: As stated by Alegre, et al. (2016), an employees performance is typically influenced by employees ability, job satisfaction, as well as the work environment. Job satisfaction has been defined as the measure of how content is an employee in his or her job (Alegre, et al. 2016). It is for the same reason major organizations are found to come up with major motivational approaches that help to enhance the capability of the employees and at the same time, provides job satisfaction. The aim of the report is to determine the major factors that lead to job satisfaction among the employees in an organization. Omantel, the telecommunication company of Oman has been selected as the case study for the report. A detailed discussion on the importance of employee job satisfaction shall be carried on in this report. Overview of the Organization: Oman Telecommunications Company or Omantel is the first telecommunications company in Oman. It is the primary internet provider in the country. Omantel also acquires 65% share in WorldCall Pakistan. In addition to this, the government of Oman owns 51% of the share of Omantel (Omantel.om, 2017). The Company has also established itself as a major international hub and has been currently operating with 10 submarine cables in Oman. The telecom company is also known for its FTTH technology in the country. In the same year, the Company has also won an award for its human resource standard quality. Vision of the Company: The telecom company believes in connecting people. The vision of the company is to build a totally connected community through innovation (Omantel.om, 2017). Mission of the Company: The mission is to fulfill all the communication needs of the customers. Thereby, attracting and developing team-oriented environment and delivering profitable growth to the stakeholders. Value statement: The team and collaboration of the employees working at Omantel add value to the organization. They are helpful and professional in everything that they do (Omantel.om, 2017). Rationale of the study: The issue that has been identified in the organization is the lack of job satisfaction among the employees of Omantel. It has been found that the Organization has not been taking any kind of initiative to motivate the employees working at Omantel that could possibly satisfy them (Omantel.om, 2017). This issue can lead to a challenging situation for Omantel because one of the criterions for the success of an organization is by increasing the productivity of the employees. As commented by Lau and Roopnarain (2014), there are many ways that can lead to job satisfaction among the employees. One of the major job satisfaction criterions is by providing monetary compensation. Offering incentives or bonuses or any other forms of gifts in kind like compensatory leave or offering holiday packages can help to improve the overall performance of an organization. If the recent situation is considered, the market is saturated with major competitors like Qatar Telecommunication Company (Qtel), Ooredoo Oman and others. In addition to this, globalization has also opened up the scope for other telecommunication companies to evade foreign markets. Therefore, any means of improving the situation falls under the responsibility of the management to undertake major steps to improve the situation (Miner, 2015). This particular study focuses on the impact of employee job satisfaction in an organization. In addition to this, the study shall also evaluate the major steps for recognition and improvement in the organization. Objectives of the study: The objectives of the study can be stated below: To evaluate theories of employee motivation To estimate the impact of employee motivation by their performance To find out the reasons of low employee satisfaction in Omantel To find out various means by which employees can be motivated in an organization To formulate various ways of motivating employees that are suitable for a telecom company like Omantel Literature review: The concept of job satisfaction and employee motivation: Employees are essential for increasing productivity of an organization. Job satisfaction is the emotional response of an individual in the current job place; whereas motivation is the driving force that boosts the morale of the employees to work profoundly to increase the overall productivity of an organization (Judge, et al. 2017). Job satisfaction is a complex variable and is directly influenced by major situational factors of the workplace. As commented by Skaalvik and Skaalvik (2014), employees that have job satisfaction love their job. They feel they have got justice in their job and they get involved in the job. Job satisfaction is the affective response on the job and a variety of factors are responsible for influencing the job satisfaction. It is dispositional in nature and it is assumed that by measuring personal characteristics of the employees, the level of satisfaction can be determined. Leaders in an organization are responsible for motivating employees and providing them the satisfaction in their job. In the view point of Hlsheger, et al. (2013), leadership effectiveness depends on how well the employees are motivated to work. In the recent time, organizational culture has become dynamic. Considering the various situations like cross cultural environment, gap in generation and any other factors that might create a turmoil situation in the organization, the responsibility of the leader has increased by many folds. If the leadership approach is positive enough, then the employees shall be motivated and satisfied and the productivity of the organization would increase. Factors influencing job satisfaction and employee motivation: Managing people at work has become a vital point of concern among the leaders. Managing is concerned with making plans and deciding on various approaches that are directly related to the performance of the employees. In the view point of Hlsheger, et al. (2013), people management has turned out to that point where recognition of employees needs has become the most important criteria. Job satisfaction is directly related to the level the employees are motivated at the work place (Judge, et al. 2017). The most important factor that creates job satisfaction and motivates the employees is the leadership approach in the organization. Employees can experience high level of job satisfaction if they work under influential leaders (Tufail, et al. 2016). Apart from leadership, other factors like good pay, recognition, job security, better work place atmosphere with good co-workers are some of the other important features that enable job satisfaction. Other important factors like better employment opportunity like permanent employment t with fixed working hours, better opportunities for working condition are some of the other factors that can directly influence the employees and create job satisfaction in them (Mauno and Ruokolainen, 2017). In addition to these, job specific proficiency and a good standard of personal discipline accompanied with good peer and better supervision of the leaders are some of the other important factors that create job satisfaction and motivate the employees. Importance of job satisfaction and employee motivation: As stated by Judge, et al. (2017), the success of the improvement in the productivity depends on the commitment of the employees. The commitment of the employees can be increased by successful improvement strategies. These strategies shall include an emotional bonding and sense of belonging with accomplishment of self actualization. According to the Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y, employees tend to work in a distasteful manner and also try to avoid doing extra work if possible (Jensen and Jacobsen, 2015). This is the reason, employees should be directed and if required should be controlled. Physical and mental efforts are similar to rest or play. It has been further commented that threatening or external controlling are not the only means to achieve the organizational goals and objectives (Mauno and Ruokolainen, 2017). Theory Y is intended towards recent knowledge of human behavior. Certain factors like rewarding and recognizing the employees can actually create a better imp act on their performance (Girma, 2016). The major aim is to make the employees effective enough to carry out their work aligning the same with the organizational objectives and goals. Reading Davies, et al. (2015), it has been found that there is no doubt that the organizational performance can be easily improved if the employees are satisfied with their work at the workplace. The performance improvement does not only count the financial performance of the organization but other factors like less employee turnover, high productivity, increased profit and increased loyalty of the employees towards the organization are also included (Mauno and Ruokolainen, 2017). Workplace job satisfaction and motivation are likely to improve the performance of an organization. Relationship of job satisfaction and employee motivation with organizational performance: Employee motivation and job satisfaction lead to commitment of the employees with the organization. According to the Herzbergs motivation theory, the impact of motivation can lead to job satisfaction (Chen, et al. 2016). Job satisfaction in return can lead to increase the productivity, efficiency and decrease in absenteeism and turnover in an organization. Organizational performance is influenced by both internal and external factors. The external factors are the macro environmental factors like economic or political conditions of the particular place, but the internal factors are largely depended on the workers and employees working four the particular organization. As pointed out by Hofmans, et al. (2013), employees who are comfortable at their workplace can also devote extra and their private time at the office. Overall organizational performance can be viewed as an individuals participation but it depends on the collective approach of the employees at the organization. It is only when the employees will be satisfied enough in their job, they shall also put the right effort into the job and make the best as per their ability (Wyland, et al. 2016). This in turn will automatically improve the organizational productivity and performance. On the other hand, dash argued that when employees are dissatisfied with their job, they tend to create negative impact at the workplace and in turn will decrease the organizational performance to a large extent (Omar, 2013). Thus, an organization should consider better policies to motivate employees and increase job satisfaction among them. Research gap: With the analysis, the research gap that has been identified is the specific factors that can be used for a particular business sector. The motivation factors cannot be similar for treating employees of every business sector. The operation and business activities are different for different business sector s and thus, the motivational factors and the job satisfaction level shall be different for these employees. Therefore, the aim of this study shall focus on the specific motivational factors that can bring job satisfaction among the employees of a telecom and internet service provider like Omantel. Variables/ Concepts of the study: Independent variables Dependent variables Motivation and job satisfaction in Omantel Better pay Better work atmosphere and co-workers Recognition in job Effective leadership Overview of the Study: Subject Author The concept of job satisfaction and employee motivation Hofmans, J., De Gieter, S. and Pepermans, R., (2013). Individual differences in the relationship between satisfaction with job rewards and job satisfaction.Journal of vocational behavior,82(1), pp.1-9 Factors influencing job satisfaction and employee motivation Chen, P., Sparrow, P. and Cooper, C., (2016). The relationship between person-organization fit and job satisfaction.Journal of Managerial Psychology,31(5), pp.946-959. Importance of job satisfaction and employee motivation Judge, T.A., Weiss, H.M., Kammeyer-Mueller, J.D. and Hulin, C.L., (2017). Job attitudes, job satisfaction, and job affect: A century of continuity and of change. Relationship of job satisfaction and employee motivation with organizational performance Davies, E., van der Heijden, B.I. and Flynn, M., (2015). The relationship between organisational support, job satisfaction, retirement affect and retirement intentions for older workers in the UK. Research Methodology: This section of the study is based on the methodology of research used in conducting the entire study. It is important to frame the research methodology prior conducting the research as it provides a proper guideline of carrying out the research. Moreover, when the timeframe is set, it becomes more convenient to carry out the research in a more systematic manner. Data type used: Secondary data are the existing data that provides information on the particular topic where as the data that is collected by investigation is called primary data (Mackey and Gass, 2015). For this particular study, both primary and secondary data has been used. For the secondary data, the sources available both online and offline have been used for writing research paper. The various secondary sources that have been used are books, journals, available newspaper articles and other academic sources. For the primary research, both qualitative and quantitative approaches have been made in analyzing the study. The questionnaire shall contain a series of questions related to the level of job satisfaction and motivation among the employees of Omantel. The survey questionnaire would have 15 questions in total consisting of both open and closed ended questions. However, there will be more closed ended questions as it will help to evaluate the findings easily. The options of the closed ended q uestions will be as follows: Strongly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Strongly dissatisfied For the qualitative primary research, interview option has been selected. The interview will be conducted face to face among three top managers of Omantel. This shall help me to gain more information on the issues that take place in Omantel. The aim of this interview is to get proper information of what actually takes place inside the organization and the steps that management takes to motivate the employees. There will be 15 open ended questions meant to ask to the managers of Omantel. It is expected that the face to face interview shall be conducted for 20 minutes for each manager to me carried in the meeting room of Omantel (Taylor, et al. 2015). Therefore, in order to gain the inside knowledge of the organization, it is important to interview and conduct the survey among the employees that the perspective from both the sides can be gained. Research instrument: The instrument that is used for conduction the primary and secondary research is called the research instrument (Glesne, 2015). The research instruments used for this particular study are survey questionnaire and interview technique. For the quantitative analysis, survey questionnaire will be used and for the qualitative analysis, interview method will be used. Sampling technique: Random sampling technique shall be used to carry out the primary research among the employees. Since the interview will be carried on among the managers, the sampling technique to be used is non-probability sampling technique (Panneerselvam, 2014). Population and sample size: Number of participants in the study indicates the population and sampling size. For the quantitative research, a survey will be carried on among 200 employees of different departments of Omantel. There are 7 departments in Omantel and there are about 60 employees in each department. Therefore, it is expected that 50 questionnaires will be distributed to the finance department, 50 to the administrative department, 50 for the public relation department and finally, 50 for the human resource department of Omantel. Thus, the sampling size is 200 including both male and female employees. Measurement scale: The scale used to measure the response of the respondents is called the measurement scale (Flick, 2015). The measurement scale to be used for the quantitative analysis is the ordinal scale. It represents a number of options that shows the like or dislike of the particular option among the respondents. Therefore, ordinal scale shall be used as the measurement scale. Data Analysis: In order to analyze the quantitative data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics will be used. In inferential statistics, correlation method will be used to test the relationship between job satisfaction and motivation and the performance of the employees in Omantel. However, the interview shall be analyzed qualitatively by thematic analysis. Budget and timeline: Activity Time in weeks Introduction + Rational + Objectives 5 literature Review 8 Data Collection 6 Data Analysis 6 Writing the report 3 Budget: Activities Expenses (RO) Stationery 15 Internet service 25 Phone calls and other expenses 10 Total 50 It is expected the total budget shall be 50RO. Limitation of the study: Time duration is a major limitation of this study. In addition to this, some of the books and journals were inaccessible that would have otherwise provided useful information. References: Chen, P., Sparrow, P. and Cooper, C., (2016). The relationship between person-organization fit and job satisfaction.Journal of Managerial Psychology,31(5), pp.946-959. Davies, E., van der Heijden, B.I. and Flynn, M., (2015). The relationship between organizational support, job satisfaction, retirement affect and retirement intentions for older workers in the UK. Dobre, O.I., (2013). Employee motivation and organizational performance.Journal of Management and Socio-Economic, (1). Flick, U., (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Girma, S., (2016). The relationship between leadership style, job satisfaction and culture of the organization.IJAR,2(4), pp.35-45. Glesne, C., (2015).Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. Pearson. Hofmans, J., De Gieter, S. and Pepermans, R., (2013). Individual differences in the relationship between satisfaction with job rewards and job satisfaction.Journal of vocational behavior,82(1), pp.1-9. Hlsheger, U.R., Alberts, H.J., Feinholdt, A. and Lang, J.W., (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), p.310. Jensen, U.T. and Jacobsen, C.B., (2015). Taking Leader and Employee Reports Seriously: Exploring the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction with Polynomial Regression and Response Surface Analysis. InXIX IRSPM Conference. Judge, T.A., Weiss, H.M., Kammeyer-Mueller, J.D. and Hulin, C.L., (2017). Job attitudes, job satisfaction, and job affect: A century of continuity and of change. Lau, C.M. and Roopnarain, K., (2014). The effects of nonfinancial and financial measures on employee motivation to participate in target setting.The British Accounting Review,46(3), pp.228-247. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., (2015).Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Mauno, S. and Ruokolainen, M., (2017). Does Organizational WorkFamily Support Benefit Temporary and Permanent Employees Equally in a WorkFamily Conflict Situation in Relation to Job Satisfaction and Emotional Energy at Work and at Home?.Journal of Family Issues,38(1), pp.124-148. Miner, J.B., (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Omantel.om (2017) Omantel Available: https://www.omantel.om/wps/portal/ [Accessed on: 9-3-2017] Omar, W.W., (2013). Transformational leadership style and job satisfaction relationship: a study of structural equation modeling (SEM).International journal of academic research in business and social sciences,3(2), p.346. Panneerselvam, R., (2014).Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Silverman, D. ed., (2016).Qualitative research. Sage. Skaalvik, E.M. and Skaalvik, S., (2014). Teacher self-efficacy and perceived autonomy: Relations with teacher engagement, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion.Psychological reports,114(1), pp.68-77. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Tufail, M.S., Ismail, H. and Zahra, S., (2016). The Impact of Work Social Support on Firm Innovation Capability: The Meditational Role of Knowledge Sharing Process and Job Satisfaction and Moderating Role of Organizational Trust.Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS),36(2). Wyland, R., Lester, S.W., Ehrhardt, K. and Standifer, R., (2016). An Examination of the Relationship Between the WorkSchool Interface, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance.Journal of Business and Psychology,31(2), pp.187-203.

Supply And Demand Essays - Economics, Economy, Consumer Theory

Supply And Demand Economics, supply and demand In the article we find that teenagers have the oppertunity to be demanding about their salary in the baby sitting field, because the amount of babysitters today are scarce. The babysitting population, teenagers, find themselves busy with school, part time jobs, and extracirricular activity. Teenagers with drivers licenses are even more scarce than those with out, all in all, It's hard to find a babysitter. Times have changed, just twenty years ago there were 33 million children who needed to be watched, and 39 million babysitters(age 10 - 19), recent polls suggest that children that need to be watched raised 18 percent to 39 million while baby sitters dropped 5 percent to 37 million. The rise in children coupled with American families spending more time out then years ago, has allowed the babysitters to set their price with out haggeling. Baby sitters are making well over the federal minimum wage of $5.15 an hour because they are in demand, and scarce; the babysitters who train in CPR, serve dinner, and drive are the hardest to come by and can demand the highest wages. In this article we see many examples of supply and damand and the powers of supply and demand. Babysitters are in demand, there is an increase in the amount of children who need to be watched yet there are relativly few who choose to babysit from the allready decreased amount of the babysitter work force. This gives the babysitter the advantage of a noncompetitive work force, allowing the baby sitter to set the price with out bargaining. If we were to compare two different production possibility frontiers, we would see a left shift of the curve while demand for baby sitters rises, from 1980 to 1996. In economics we concider this an inflation, the amount of resources(babysitters) decreased while the demand for them rose. This is what we would concider the begining of an econic problem because the resources are scarce. This resulted in an increase of price for that service. We also see that the most experienced, oldest, responcible, and best trained babysitters set the highest prices by up to 60% from a "novice" sallery of $4 to a "expert" sallery of $10 and consumers are willing to pay. A consumer is willing to pay that extra $6 an hour for the piece of mind they get when they go out and know that their children are being attending to in the best possible way, much like a consumer is willing to by name brand products for a higher price because they just "feel" like its better. In the next two or three years the work force of the babysitters will grow, and so will the number of people under the age of 10, this will show a steady PPC with no signs of relief for the consumer. This article shows the power of supply and demand. 20 years ago when children under the age of 10 and baby sitters age 10-19 were both fewer, we saw more competition between the baby sitters resulting in price decreases. Today with fewer baby sitters, all with busy scheduals, and more young children we see the damand increase resulting in an increase of price.

Overview of the Children of Helen of Troy

Overview of the Children of Helen of Troy   In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy was the most beautiful (mortal) woman in the world, the Face That Launched a Thousand Ships. But what was it like having her as a mother? Was she a Mommie Dearest nightmare or a doting dame†¦or somewhere in between? Hermione the Heartbreaker Helen’s most famous child is her daughter, Hermione, whom she had with her first husband, Menelaus of Sparta. Her mother abandoned little Hermy to run off with the Trojan Prince Paris; as Euripides tells us in his tragedy Orestes: She was â€Å"the little daughter she had left behind when she sailed off with Paris to Troy.† Orestes, Helen’s nephew, says that, while Helen was â€Å"away† and Menelaus was chasing her down, Hermione’s aunt Clytemnestra (Helen’s half-sister) raised the little girl. But Hermione was fully-grown by the time Telemachus paid Menelaus a visit in the Odyssey. As Homer recounts, â€Å"He was sending Hermione as bride to Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, that breaker of ranks of men, for he had promised her to him, and sworn an oath at Troy, and now the gods brought it about.† The Spartan princess was quite the looker, just like her mom- Homer claims her â€Å"beauty was golden Aphrodite’s†- but that marriage didn’t last. Other sources have different accounts of Hermione’s marriage. In Orestes, she’s promised to Neoptolemus, but Apollo proclaims that her cousin Orestes- who holds her hostage for her father’s good behavior in the play- will wed her. Apollo tells Orestes, â€Å"Furthermore, Orestes, your Fate declares that you will marry the woman at whose throat you are holding your sword. Neoptolemus, who thinks that he will marry her, will not do so.† Why is that? Because Apollo prophesies Neoptolemus will kick the bucket at the god’s sanctuary of Delphi when the young man goes to ask for â€Å"satisfaction for the death of Achilles, his father.† Hermione the Home-Wrecker? In another of his plays, Andromache, Hermione has become a shrew, at least as it related to how she treated Andromache. That woman was the widow of the Trojan hero Hector, enslaved after the war and forcibly â€Å"given† to Neoptolemus as his concubine. In the tragedy, Andromache complains, â€Å"My lord abandoned my bed, the bed of a slave, and married the Spartan Hermione, who now torments me with her cruel abuse.† Why did the wife hate her hubby’s slave? Hermione accuses Andromache â€Å"of using drugs of magic powers against her, of making her barren and of making her husband despise her.† Andromache adds, â€Å"She says I’m trying to force her out of the palace so that I can take over as its rightful mistress.† Then, Hermione proceeds to mock Andromache, dubbing her a barbarian and making fun of her plight as her husband’s slave, cruelly quipping, â€Å"And so, I can speak to you all as a free woman, indebted to no one!† Andromache fires back that Hermione was as much of a shrew as her mom: â€Å"Wise children must avoid the habits of their evil mothers!† In the end, Hermione regrets her heinous words against Andromache and her sacrilegious plots to pull the Trojan widow from the sanctuary of Thetis (Neoptolemus’s divine grandmother), violating the right of sanctuary Andromache had invoked by clinging to Thetis’s statue. An undercover Orestes arrives on the scene, and Hermione, fearful of her hubby’s retribution, pleads with him to help her get away from her husband, whom she thinks will punish her for plotting to kill Andromache and her kid by Neoptolemus.   Hermione beseeches her cousin, â€Å"I beg you, Orestes, in the name of our mutual father, Zeus, take me away from here!† Orestes agrees, claiming Hermione actually belonged to him because they were engaged before her father promised her to Neoptolemus, but Orestes was in a bad way- having killed his mom and being cursed for it- at the time. At the end of the play, not only does Orestes take Hermione away with him, but he also plots to ambush Neoptolemus at Delphi, where he’ll kill the king and make Hermione his wife. Off-screen, they get married; with hubby number two, Orestes, Hermione had a son named Tisamenus. The kid didn’t have such good luck when it came to being a king; the descendants of Heracles kicked him out of Sparta. Under-the-Radar Rugrats What about Helen’s other children? Some versions of her story feature her abduction at an early age by the Athenian king Theseus, who’d sworn a pact with his BFF Pirithous that each of them would abduct a daughter of Zeus. The poet Stesichorus claims that Theseus’s rape of Helen produced a little girl, Iphigenia, whom Helen gave to her sister to raise to maintain her own virginal image; that was the same girl whom her purported father, Agamemnon, sacrificed to get to Troy. So Helen’s daughter may have been murdered to get her mother back. Most versions of Helen’s tale, though, feature Hermione as Helen’s only child. In the eyes of the heroic Greeks, that would’ve made Helen a failure at her one and only job: producing a male child for her husband. Homer mentions in the Odyssey that Menelaus made his illegitimate son Megapenthes his heir, noting that â€Å"his son [was] the dearly beloved child of a slave, for the gods, gave Helen no more issue, once she had borne that lovely girl Hermione.† But one ancient commentator says that Helen had two kids: â€Å"Hermione and her youngest-born, Nicostratus, a scion of Ares.† Pseudo-Apollodorus confirms, â€Å"Now Menelaus had by Helen a daughter Hermione and, according to some, a son Nicostratus.† A later commentator suggests Helen and Menelaus had another little boy, Pleisthenes, whom she took with her when she fled to Troy, adding that Helen also bore Paris a son named Aganus. Another account mentions that Helen and Paris had three kids- Bunomus, Corythus, and Idaeus- but sadly, these boys died when the roof of the family home in Troy collapsed. R.I.P. Helen’s boys.

Auditing for Good Analytical Research

The accounting methodology is as old as most of our basic mathematics that we practice in our daily life. Its importance has played a key role in the financial industry ever since the era of banking industry had commenced. From the past till today accounting is often reflected as auditing for a huge amount of ransom, assets and any other entity which add value to an individual or organization.   With the heavy involvement of the financial industry, thus, it is essential for accounting to integrated policies, standards, protocols and other ethics to have better control of practices with high integrity which classifies into a single term, internal control. Referring to the above quote, the author`s view of internal accounting control may seem to provide more favourable arguments rather than against. But no ideology can be perfect. Firstly, this essay will contribute a fair illustration of the relationship between strong accounting system and legal practices. Then, the importance of t he existence of internal controls. Lastly, it will instigate the beneficial and loosing arguments of internal accounting controls referring to the best practice preferred by the organization. Internal control can be described as a process through which the organizations are able to coordinate the activities and put a bar on the fraudulent activities by the management, as well as the employees (KSU, 2016). For an effective planning, as well as control it is essential to have a well-defined internal control mechanism that will trace the deficiencies and bring transparency in the working. The element of internal control is assessed during the planning stage of the audit of a financial statement (Gilbert et. al, 2005). The outcome of the impact is directly in tune to the auditor’s stage of testing in detail.   To lessen detailed testing, the organization needs to have a strong system of an internal control. Internal controls are part and parcel of organization policies that pertains to finance and business. It comprises of all the actions undertaken by the management for the safeguard of the resources in terms of waste, fraud, and efficiency (KSU, 2016). Secondly, it helps in bringing accuracy, as well as reliability in accounting and operation of data. Thirdly, it enables a strong compliance with the regulations set by the organization (Hoffelder, 2012). Lastly, it helps in assessment of the performance of all the units of the organization. Internal control is simply a good practice that steers the business in an ethical manner. The internal control system is put into practice by the management or the ones who are entrusted with the duty of ensuring strong governance. It ensures that the compliance is done in terms of rules and regulations (Schaeffer, 2006). Moreover, it leads to efficiency in terms of operational efficiency. This can be possible when the internal control system is put into implementation through elements or subsystems and are termed as the components of an internal control system. It has five major components: This simply means a well-equipped environment of the entity where the operations of the business happen. A controlled environment enables strong control and keeps the wrong practices at bay. For example, if the organization is authentic and strict towards the false practices then the employees will fear in any kind of falsehood. This will ensure commitment and keep the fraud away (Manoharan, 2011).   Moreover, an auditor needs to have a proper understanding of the environment and determine whether it is implemented by the management and the behavior. One of the major roles of internal control is to trace and rectify the misstatements. Further, it needs to be noted that management will not wait for the happening of the misstatement rather it will find a measure to detect and correct it (Ingram, 2016). The entity develops the process of risk assessment that helps in identification of the material misstatement (ACCA, 2016). The auditor obtains a clear notion of how the process of risk evaluation process is working and whether it is shedding light on the risks that are expected, the influence of such a risk, an event of happening of such a risk and decision that pertains to such a risk (Harrington, 2003). Information has assumed a vital place in the space of business environment. When an audit engagement happens, an auditor adds to his understanding of the information, as well as a system of communication that is one of the elements of the accounting system (Ingram, 2016).   But, it is not always alike as the accounting system. It I described as the system through which the management develops a link with the internal and external environment. Controls are mechanisms that are implemented by the management to ensure that the financial information is reliable. An apt example is that of the debtors that cannot be written off without the consent of the finance director or any other relevant person. In a similar scenario, credit sales cannot be done until a recommendation is taken from the credit control department (Schaeffer, 2006). Such activities do not constitute authorization.   A need to enter the password in certain modules of an information system is a classic example of the information system. The last element of an internal control system is the process of monitoring. It can be treated as a service that is inbuilt to the system of internal control and evaluates the skills of an internal control system. The process of monitoring is done by evaluating the internal control operation that pertains to the current period and assessments that are separate in nature that includes routine and non-routine checks (Christensen, 2011). Such an evaluation requires external information like the feedback of the customer. Hence, the ones who are entrusted with the responsibility of governance take an appropriate step so that any risk or material misstatement is warded off with ease and flexibility. Internal control system will lessen the amount of audit work and this will have a positive impact because the auditors will be able to use system based audit that will enhance the level of audit work. Moreover, the presence of a strong internal control mechanism reduces the chances of frauds, as well as errors and will bring new supervision (ACCA, 2016). This will accelerate custody and the third party liability will be minimized bringing a great deal of speed and accuracy. Secondly, internal control lessens the audit evidence that needs to be produced as it enhances the audit evidence to be present within the business. This helps to frame a view that leads to speed and evidence (ACCA, 2016). Moreover, the presence of this control system solidifies the audit evidence that needs to be gathered. It reduces the work overload and reduces the time that is needed to prepare a report (Kruger, 2015). Last but not the least it provides a strong internal function that enables the auditor to focus more on the problem and facilitate the work. Further, it facilitates the company’s assets. The presence of internal control might lead to error and fraud because at times the major reliance is on the strength of internal control and this exposes the auditor to the liabilities that is civil in nature. Secondly, the presence of internal control lessens the volume of scrutiny that needs to be done by the auditor leading to smaller samples hence, leaving another area prone to fraud and problems.   Collusion, as well as manipulation might lead to mismanagement and hence, a biased report might occur. Further, the vigilance of an auditor is reduced owing to the internal control and hence, impacts the audit quality. It has the chances of being abused by the internal auditor through collision with the management. Gamers Den is situated in Cambridge (United States) and has a huge selection of games. It is strongly involved in providing an environment that is safe and friendly for the community at large. People can come and play their favourite games. The availability of a dedicated area makes it one of the best places to be in. Many events are even conducted that that attracts and accommodates various players. This keeps the store busy. Further, the presence of less number of employees makes it less complicated. The current internal control mechanism of the gamer den is straightforward. Two game designers are involved in the process that is designed, as well as promotion. On the other hand, two main assistants are present that is Phil and Amy and another employee is ELLA. The policies that the company follows are weak in terms of an internal control. During the hours of business, an amount of less than 50$ can be withdrawn from the cash register. Credit sales are available with a defined time period and according to the customer comfort that is weak in nature. Further, a single cash register is present that lacks all the entries and physical stock counting I unavailable. Moreover, a problem with the physical counting of the stock has appeared. Therefore, cash is collected and remains in the office till a person deposits it to a bank. Further staffs have an access to borrow iPad, laptops, etc. and there is no trace of the current items. A strong system that needs to be developed for Gamers Den will require a proper number of stuff. When the number of employees will be more, the work responsibility will be divided that will lessen the pressure (Lapsley, 2012). Further, the internal control must be structured in a manner that will lead to proper allocation of person who can shoulder the responsibility. In the present system, there is no availability of financial records and information lacks reliability. The accounting control will be a boon to the business. The system of accounting control will help the organization in many ways (Kaplan, 2011). The system of inventory will be maintained in a proper manner, before the issue of stock the authorization and approval will be needed. Further, budgetary control will aid the organization that will enhance the profit with the sales volume. The review of assets will be easier and hence, variances can be traced. The above report provides a clear cut indication that internal control is vital in the smooth running of the organization. It leads to a strong control over the activities that is not witnessed in an organization that lacks internal control. Therefore, internal control brings a wide variety of advantages that helps in steering the business. This leads to a strong momentum and helps the organization as a whole. When internal control is into practice it leads to an enhanced level of accountability and responsibility. ACCA 2016, Audit working papers, viewed 15 October 2016 https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f8/technical-articles/effective-audit-service.html ACCA 2016, The new Auditor report, viewed 15 October 2016 https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f8/technical-articles/auditor-report.html ACCA 2016, F8 Audit and Assurance aims and update, viewed 15 October 2016   https://www.accaglobal.com/ie/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f8.html Christensen, J. 2011, ‘Good analytical research,’ European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Gilbert, W. Joseph J and Terry J. E 2005, The Use of Control Self-Assessment by Independent Auditors, The CPA Journal, vol.3, pp. 66-92 Harrington N 2003,   Risk Management & Insurance, McGraw- Hill Education (I) Ltd. Hoffelder, K 2012, New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking, Harvard Press. Ingram, D 2016, What Are the Seven Internal Control Procedures in Accounting?, viewed 15 October, 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/seven-internal-control-procedures-accounting-76070.html Kaplan, R.S. 2011, Accounting scholarship that advances professional knowledge and practice, The Accounting Review, vol. 86, no. 2, pp.   367–383. Kruger, P 2015, Corporate goodness and shareholder wealth, Journal of Financial economics, pp. 304-329 KSU 2016, Internal Audit, viewed 15 October 2016 https://www.k-state.edu/internalaudit/internal-controls/ Lapsley, I. 2012, Commentary: Financial Accountability & Management, Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 291-292. Manoharan, T.N. 2011, Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance,   The George Washington University. Schaeffer,M 2006, Internal control breakdown study, viewed 15 October 2016 https://www.aicpastore.com/Content/media/PRODUCER_CONTENT/Newsletters/Articles_2009/CorpFin/IntControls_Breakdown.jsp Getting academic assistance from

Lifelong Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lifelong Learning - Essay Example These include cousera, w3schools, OpenLearn Alison, Stanford, and MIT. W3schools for instance, offers courses on SQL, PHP, JavaScript, CSS, HTML5, Server Side Scripting, XML tutorials, Web building, jQuery and HTML Graphics. On the other hand, cousera offers a wider variety of courses depending on the field of study. These range from mobile application development, databases, and major programming languages including Java, Android, C++ and C. Various universities have partnered to offer these courses free of charge. The scope is wide covering virtually everything in the field of computing and technology. The classes I may be interested in taking include advanced database design and management, Database administration, data mining and data warehouse, software development and information & cyber security. I will also be keen to take a course in human-computer interaction that is offered by cousera. The reasons for choosing these courses is to be able to manage data at the highest level to ensure that I create efficient and reliable queries to retrieve information from the database. Software development is vital especially in Java so as to integrate the backend database and the front end to be able to deliver user-friendly applications that are robust. The human-computer interaction course comes in to cover the knowledge gap in providing products that will make navigation and usage easy for users. That is the basis of customer satisfaction in the use of those products. The security is important since technology is evolving and leaving loopholes. Thus persons with ill intentions access information from various institutions and use it for their own good (The Basics of Information Security, 2014). I want to be able to counter hackers and crackers. Consequently, I wish to be in a position of offering vital advice to the institutions in the security measures to implement in to protect it

Battle of Mogadishu (Black Hawk Down) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Battle of Mogadishu (Black Hawk Down) - Essay Example The mission aimed to abduct several top lieutenants and significantly warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid then return to base. The operation intended to last for 90 minutes. The work provides insightful and original analysis of the commander’s performance, based on establishing cohesive teams through mutual trust, use of mission orders, and accepting prudent risk. On 3rd October 1993, Task Force Ranger, U.S. Special Operations Forces comprised of Bravo Company 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (better known as â€Å"Delta Force†) operators, and the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), (â€Å"The Night Stalkers†), attempted to capture Aidid’s foreign minister Omar Salad Elmi and his top political advisor, Mohamed Hassan Awale. The Special Forces elements involved lightly armed warriors fielding submarine guns, automatic rifles, and light machine guns1. Delta Forces members had variety ofi assault rifles whilst Army Rangers depended on the support of squad-level, small-caliber machine guns in the M60 and M249 SAW. In addition, Heavily-caliber, vehicle-mounted 0.50 quality weapons were on lightly armored HUMVEE vehicles. However, main line of heavy support lay in the air cover provided by Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk medium transport and Hughes OH-6 â€Å"Little Bird† light helicopters. The Black Hawks outfitted a pair of 0.50-caliber heavy machine guns while; â€Å"Little Birds† fielded a collection of mini-guns, rocket pods, or M60 machine guns as needed. The Somali militias used AK-47s, rocket propelled grenade launchers (RPG-7), automatic rifles. They convoyed in improvised fighting vehicles. During this period, the Somali guerillas gained several tactical advantages over the US Special Forces. First, the Somali militias engaged on familiar grounds, leaders could muster an Army of several thousand men, and boys in short order. Second, their civilian appearance

Technological environment of video Game Industry Essay Example for Free

Technological environment of video Game Industry Essay The Video Game industry is constantly undergoing new innovations and ground breaking technology. New trends and innovations are introduced on a yearly basis that alters the marketing environment. The Level of technology in this industry is very high. The speed of technology and usage is ongoing and expanding throughout the country and the world. With the constant growth, a fast and a high rate of Obsolescence is the outcome. The video game industry also has social concerns pertaining to the overall health of the users. Within the past 10 years the video game industry has boomed to keep up with the rapid growth of technology. Each video game console starting from the Atari 2600 ( September 1977) to the Nintendo 64( September 1996) and to the recent Sony Play station, Nintendo WII, and Microsoft X-box franchise has evolved insignificant ways. Trends: Mega-Gaming, Interactive †¢Mega-Gaming A new trend like Mega-Gaming which has been becoming popular Schmidt, D(2013,November )â€Å"These last ten years have ushered in the age of the mega-game; video games with budgets of $100 million and massive marketing pushes designed to break single-week sales records† Video Games in the US. Retrieved from IBIS World Industry Report. This Mega-Gaming consists of a high return and in return comes with high risk ,where if one game does not meet sales then the whole gaming company can go under. The highest budget game is Grand Theft Auto 5 reaching 265 million dollars invested to production, but within the first 3 weeks their sales were above 1 billion dollars being the most successful release in all entertainment in the world. Such high budgets come from factors like developing and development staff. But the majority of the portion of their budget is put in to marketing. Even to the very little spent on development, a big part of it goes towards the non-gameplay parts such as motion capture and expensive voice acting talent. The result in this could either consist of a horrible outcome, or a big take home. †¢Interactive Gaming The Video Game industry is based around new and upcoming technology. Interactive Gaming is becoming more popular within the industry. In the age of technology social media is slowly integrating itself into gaming. Many game franchises are starting to focus on the aspect of playing online and the interaction between players. It is seen where in future consoles they can link their social media sites to share videos, gameplay, and statistics with friends. This has already been seen with android and IOS games, where many of the games have a link to sign in through Facebook,Twitter, Instagram to post their scores. Innovations: Motion Sensor, 3D, Neuro-Gaming †¢Motion Sensor With the more hands on Interactive gaming experience, the most recent motion sensor and even seen in the future Neuro-Gaming will take over the industry. The big break came from the notorious Nintendo Wii which monitored movement by sensors in controllers that the user held. This quickly branched out to Play Station’s Move, and X-box Kinect where Kinect is censored by actual body movement which was another new innovation. This type of interaction continues to grow, and the industry is trying to get the user more hands on within the game. †¢Three Dimensional (3D) The new state of the art 3D imaging is putting players as close to the game as possible. New faster, more efficient processing units and graphic cards create a game play experience that intermingles with every other component. †¢Neuro-Gaming. Neuro-gaming is a new innovation that is expected to revolutionize the gaming industry and alter the gaming experience over the next five years. As stated in an article by Forbes writer Aaron Frank (2013) â€Å"Driven by explosive growth in computer processing, affordable sensors, and new haptic sensation technology, neuro-game designers have entirely new toolkits to craft an immersive experience that simulates our waking life (Web). It will be made of sensors, processing power, fast bandwidth and incredible design talent creating a whole new platform for video games. Neuro-gaming incorporates a range of inputs, which monitor a player’s heart rate, brain waves, pupil dilation, hand and body gestures, and the change of your emotional state to make for amazing game play. Speed and Usage of Technology †¢Speed of Technology The speed of technology transfer in the video game industry is very high, and is transferred throughout in a positive and growing manner. The software, hardware, and methods are fast developing. The process of transferring these things among other franchises and institution for the development is a big part of growth and competition. As seen at the 2013 Neuro-Gaming Conference and Expo, various institutions came to demonstrate similar yet different innovations to put into future development. Licensing and turn overs on concepts consistently make it to the market in the video game industry. The transfer of technology to other less developed countries in the past have been almost non-existent but due to the on growing technology boom many video games, especially educational games are being sent over to less-developed countries. †¢USAGE of TECHNOLOGY The use of technology defines the video game industry. Every aspect of this industry relies on technology and technological advances. The high rate of obsolescence demands an increase in technology. The type of technology differs from each device. May it be hand held device like cell phones or tablets, video game consoles, and computers. Each have hardware and software that are key to its use. To computers and personal consoles it will be the hardware, the graphic cards and processing units. But without the technology of various input devices like the different controllers, keyboards, and other hand held devices the industry would not be what it is now. Rate of Obsolescence and Social Concerns †¢Obsolescence Obsolescence is an all too common thing in the video game industry, due to factors of so much growth and the new trends in the industry. Many video games either it be on a personal device, a home console, or personal computer are factor to being part of a series. The success of a game guaranties it for another title, or updated version. Once this new title comes out the previous game almost instantly becomes obsolete and although still in perfect condition, is no longer wanted. Carrying on from the video games, the consoles are updated with new innovations, hardware and software. This is seen common in the Play station and X-box Franchise each having 3 different version of each console, and therefore the trouble of only being accustomed to a specific sort of game. Such as were Play Station 3 console and games have thrived, but when the upcoming Play Station 4 is released, both the console and games will become obsolete. †¢Social Concerns What is most controversial about the video game industry and the social concerns is the damage it is seen doing to children. Although video games have their benefits for learning, the controversy of gaming violence are becoming a concern to society. The infamous game series Grand Theft Auto, being in the head front of this issue is often accused of giving young Americans the motive and ideas to carry out action in the games in real life. Shown in a medical study done by Gentil,Choo,Liau (2011) greater amounts of gaming, lower social competence, and seemed to act as risk factors for becoming pathological gamers. This is where depression, anxiety, social phobias, and lower school performance seemed to be the outcomes of pathological gaming in the video game industry. The Social Concerns categorizing itself with obesity, lack of exercise in the youth, addiction and social problems. 1. Schmidt, D. (2013). IBISWorld Industry Report NN003. Video Games in the US. Retrieved November 13, 2013 from IBISWorld database. 2. Frank, A (2013) The Future of Gaming- It May Be All In Your Head. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www. forbes. com/sites/singularity/2013/06/03/the-future-of-gaming-it-may-be-all-in- your-head/2/ 3. Gentile DA, Choo H, Liau A, (2011) Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 2011;127(2):e319–e329.

Analysis of Soldiers Home by Ernest Hemingway Essay -- Literary Analys

The story, A Soldiers Home, is about a man in conflict with the past and present events in his life. The young man’s name is Harold Krebs. He recently returned from World War 1 to find everything almost exactly the same as when he left. He moved back into his parents house, where he found the same car sitting in the same drive way. He also found the girls looking the same, except now they all had short hair. When he returned to his home town in Oklahoma the hysteria of the soldiers coming home was all over. The other soldiers had come home years before Krebs had so everyone was over the excitement. When he first returned home he didn’t want to talk about the war at all. Then, when he suddenly felt the urge and need to talk about it no one wanted to hear about it. When he returned all of the other soldiers had found their place in the community, but Harold needed more time to find his place. In the mean time he plays pool, â€Å"practiced on his clarinet, strolled down town, read, and went to bed.†(Hemingway, 186) When his mother pressures him to get out and get a girlfriend and job, he te...

What is Freedom? Essay

Freedom is something that is viewed in many ways. Freedom can be something you earn, something you experience, or it can be something you think. People long ago had to work very hard for their freedom. Slavery was one of the times that freedom was given to nobody, and played a major role in the United States history. Slavery began around 1619, when the first African slaves were brought to the United States, they were workers without rights. (Slavery in America, 2014) They were told that if they worked for seven years, they would earn land and freedom. Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves.† (Lincoln) In 1641 slavery was legalized, and the U.S. was against itself. In 1660 King Charles II established the Royals African Company, calling them black gold, where more African Americans had their freedom taken away. In 1860 more than a million African Americans were taken from their homes and sold off. By 1865 slavery was final ly abolished and they had their freedom to read and write, and their behavior and movement was no longer restricted. Freedom is based off your view and thought of the value it has to you, no one definition can relate to everything that freedom can mean. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, freedom is â€Å"the quality of being free† but what exactly does that mean? Does it mean you can do whatever you wish? Or does it mean everything you need is free? Jim Morrison once said, â€Å"The most important kind of freedom is to be what you really are. You trade in your reality for a role. You trade in your sense for an act. You give up your ability to feel, and in exchange, put on a mask. There can’t be any large-scale revolution until there’s a personal revolution, on an individual level. It’s got to happen inside first.† (Morrison) Freedom within yourself can be to accept you for who you are, not be restricted on what you can do with yourself, let your imagination be free and soar outside the limits. Let your thoughts go where they wish and keep your mind set. Don Miguel Ruiz wrote in his book The Mastery of Love, â€Å"If you spend too much time judging yourself, you won’t have any time to love yourself or anyone else.† I believe this quote relates to freedom because like I said before, you need to let your mind be free to be able to live with freedom. Along with having internal freedom, you can experience and be rewarded with freedom. Experiencing freedom is not something everyone has. As a young kid, my parents always told me â€Å"Once you lose our trust it’s hard to gain it back.† And with this always being said to you, you learned to respect the freedom that you received, and wait until you are rewarded with more. As you get older and learn to drive you are given a whole new type of freedom. There are no words to explain the type of freedom you experience, and no emotion that is any greater. Someone once said â€Å"Never drive faster than your guardian angel can fly.† (teenage drivers, 1998- 2014) And this saying means to respect what freedom you have because some people have less and would give anything for your freedom. So what exactly is freedom? Well, Bubr (Bubr is someone who chose not to give their real name) once said start with the possibility to do whatever you want. You may want to share your freedom with other people, right? Then accept the fact that other people doing whatever they want are limiting your own freedom. Then, you come to the conclusion that you may not have freedom at all, if the freedom is a measure of the length of a leash. (Bubr) But, many other people have different views of freedom and it is not just what laws limit you too. Jarod Kintz said â€Å"Nothing, Everything, Anything, Something: If you have nothing, then you have everything, because you have the freedom to do anything, without the fear of losing something.† Freedom is not limited to just one person’s idea of it, their experiences, feelings, thoughts, and love towards freedom. â€Å"Freedom is the right to live as we wish. Nothing else.† (Epictetus, 2001-2014) It is not being limited with your rights and not being restricted with reading, writing, behavior and movement. It is not constantly being told what to do and limiting your mind to please others, first give yourself freedom then help others with theirs.

Charlotte’s Web

Charlotte’s Web tells a tale about the miracle of an ordinary pig. It is a narrative that embraces the values of friendship and loyalty. These values are communicated through the element of fantasy and through the eyes of a child. In this way, the audience looks deep within themselves to be able to capture its true essence. In this film, animals are given the ability to speak our language and rationalize in situations they may encounter.With that, they communicate to us that in some way animals and humans think, act, and feel the same. This heartfelt film begins with an interesting encounter of Fern, juvenile yet strong-willed lass, and Wilbur, some radiant and terrific pig. This touching beginning did not fail to get our attention and absorb ourselves to the series of events that follow. In that moment, Fern saves Wilbur from death and takes the responsibility of taking care of him. Fern demonstrates to us Justice.She tells us that Justice is what every being deserves despite appearance, ability, and any other traits. Moreover, Fern symbolized equality. After the Arable’s residence, let us recollect on the events when Wilbur was moved to the barn. I would say the barn may be associated to our society. It is the place where stereotypes are formed and where the foundation of friendship is observed. For instance, the other animals inside the barn judges Charlotte, a spider, based on her looks. They see her scary and intimidating.On the other hand, Wilbur takes the time to know Charlotte and eventually watch their friendship blossom. Through Charlotte’s guidance, we see Wilbur’s personality and knowledge progress. Her character in this account is very important. She serves as the instrument to open ourselves to miracles; miracles that are brought by friendship. I focused on the points: Friendship and Youth communicated by the characters of Fern, Wilbur, and Charlotte. Fern and Wilbur were the images of Youth that flaunt a free-spirited attitude and innocence.They react to certain situations based on their feelings as they seem to look at things in its simplest way. While Charlotte, exhibits the foundation of Friendship. It is Loyalty. She showed her dedication and willingness to spare Wilbur’s life even during the darkest hour of her days. I guess it is healthy to think as a child once in a while and see the essence of the little things through the simplest ways. To be able to savour the sweetness of youth and friendship. Charlotte’s Web Charlotte web the novel is a warm-hearted, classic children's novel. The center theme of the novel is about on true friendship and loyalty. The movie, although released in 2006, the proved to be true to the memorable and popular book. The story in the novel as well in the movie remains the same. But the main difference between reading the novel against watching the movie is, movie will eliminate the imagination of the landscape or the character and it will convert it into the beautiful manner.The feeling is stronger in the movie, which will impact to the children directly. The setting in the movie that has been shown is realistic and features a landscape that is recognizable to children. Charlotte web is a story of about a friendship. The novel which takes place mainly at the farm. The book as well as the movie has also begun with Fern and her father where Fern preventing her father from killing pig. The scene it self in the movie shows love of for the animal and children would more identify the meaning of the scene. Charlotte web follows a friendship from its beginning to its end, from all the steps in between.In novel Wilbur and Fern's friendship, or Wilbur and Charlotte friendship, and trace the way it grows and changes over the course of the story. The Charlotte web is reflects many of the quality such as power of helping others, reflection on friendship, love for any living creature etc. In the movie, when Fern takes too much take care of Wilbur her family sent Wilbur to the Uncle homer's barn. Even in that Fern frequently visited Wilbur. Wilbur was not thrilled to be in the new barn and felt like stranger. But in the mean time Wilbur had friend with Charlotte, a grey spider.In the movie the work of the spider shown beautifully, by cleverly working and weaving words like ‘TERRIFIC',RADIANT' in her web in an effort to describe Wilbur. In the book children would never understood how the words appeared in the spider's web. There were small differences a s well between novel and movies. In the book there were no mention of a particular setting while in the movie there were a specific setting created like Somerset County. Another difference at the beginning of the movie was when Fern sneaked Wilbur in her shirt and then took him to school.The screenwriters also gave some of the minor characters changes like they included a horse named Eke, who is not present in the book. His purpose in the film is often for humor and to get a laugh. These minor differences makes watching the movie more enjoyable than novel. The film version of the Charlotte web is entertaining because of the good screenplay and visual effects. Children would feel more connected to the film because of the excellent visual effects, landscape, animal talking and much of the added humor in the film. Children would easily connected to the film and identify the meaning of story from the film. Charlotte’s Web Ravdeep Singh EAC273 Prof: Priti Sharma 6 October 2012 Maternal Love A love that a mother can give to a child is something what is priceless. A mother is always helpful and supportive to her child in every stage of a child life like the Charlotte’s and Fern’s love for Wilbur. She build from her baby from her birth to an infant, childhood and then to adulthood. She also built the child’s confidence and encourages what the child wants to do in their life. She develops a child to be mature enough so that the child can stand in front of the world. The flame of ‘maternal love’ can be easily seen in ‘Charlotte’s Web’.A mother cannot be the only one who gives birth to the child but she can be the one who takes care of a child and raise him/her up. She always holds the child hands at ever different stages of the child’s life from her childhood, to the adulthood, and even at the old age. A child will always remain a child for their parents. A mother will first feed her child and then have her food. â€Å"But Fern couldn’t eat until her pig had had a drink of milk† (White 5). Fern too was a child but she takes care of Wilbur like a mother that shows us the maternal love of Fern.From the time she took responsibilities of Wilbur; she feeds Wilbur two times a day by her own hands and she also teaches Wilbur how to suck milk from the bottle just as mother do with the child. â€Å"But I am going to save you, and I want you to quiet down immediately† (White 51). This phrase describe Charlotte’s maternal love for Wilbur as Charlotte promise Wilbur to help him from being killed and live his life happily. Charlotte stops him from crying in the way a mother would stop her child when he/she is crying or might be fighting for life. A mother loves his child more than anything in the same way as â€Å"Fern loved Wilbur more than anything.She loved to stroke him, to feed him, to put him to bedâ₠¬  (White 8). This phrase explains the mother love and care for her child. â€Å"Won’t he be cold at night? † (9), â€Å"It relieved her mind to know that her baby would sleep covered up, and would stay warm† (9). Fern as a mother is protective and careful mother. She wants to make Wilbur comfortable and protect him from the cold night. This shows passionate love of a mother. â€Å"Sometimes, on these journeys, Wilbur would get tired, and fern would pick him up and put him in the carriage alongside the doll† (White 10), â€Å"Fern come almost every day to visit him. † (15). hese above phrases also describe the undying love of a mother. A mother takes care of a child when he/she is not comfortable walking, sleeping, and eating. When a child is away from her mother like a child is send to his hostel and mother wants to go and see whether his child is in a safe way. Charlotte helps Wilbur to build confidence in him. ‘Run around! † command ed Charlotte. â€Å"I want to see you in action, to see if you are radiant† (White 100). A mother’s feeling came into action as she was motivating and helping trying to show how radiant he was. Charlotte even boosts his energy by saying â€Å"Now back again, faster! † (White100).Wilbur obeyed what Charlotte was saying; in the same way as a child would obey to his parents. â€Å"I shall go too,† she said, softly. â€Å"I have decided to go with Wilbur. He may need me. We can’t tell what may happen at the Fair Grounds† (White 122). Charlotte gets agree to go with Wilbur because she does not that Wilbur should get scared and lose his confidence looking at many people around him. Charlotte’s was worried so she goes with Wilbur that would not make him feel alone and helpless. â€Å"It means I’m showing up feeling my age. I’m not young any more, Wilbur. But I don’t want you to worry about me. This is your big day today † (White 146).Charlotte at her old and ending age of her life still was encouraging Wilbur and is giving confident to him. A mother will act in a way as Charlotte’s acted at her end stage of her life. In a nutshell, â€Å"E. B. White† showing and expressing different themes in â€Å"Charlotte’s Web† book but â€Å"maternal love† and characters of Charlotte and Fern have impressed me a lot. It shows me how a mother takes care of her child fern raised Wilbur at his childhood, and how Charlotte was supportive to Wilbur throughout the time they met. So as it is said â€Å"Love of a mother is priceless†. Work Cited E. B. White. (1952). Charlotte's Web. New York: HarperCollins.

Three Reading Models and a Balanced Approach

Three Reading Models and a Balanced Approach Introduction This paper is aimed at examining three approaches to reading, namely, skills model, socio-cultural model, and psycholinguistic model. These methods are often used by modern educators. In particular, it is necessary to discuss the main premises of these frameworks and explain the main differences between them.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Three Reading Models and a Balanced Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from that, this essay should demonstrate how they can be used for the development of a balanced approach to teaching literacy. These are the main issues that should be examined in this essay. On the whole, it is possible to say that a single model is not sufficient for explaining the process of reading and teaching literacy skills. More likely, educators should combine these frameworks in order to create a balanced approach that can better meet the diverse needs of students and co ntribute to their long-term development. Skills model of reading In many cases, teachers can take bottom-up approaches to reading. According to this perspective, this process consists of the following hierarchically-organized stages. First, one should speak about identification of letters with specific phonemes (Harris 2006, p. 6). Secondly, a reader identifies the connections between phonemes and word representations. Finally, a person assigns meanings to words and forms associations among them (Harris 2006, p. 6). These ideas have been used for the development of teaching methods. For example, it is possible to speak about the skills model of reading. From this perspective, a student should acquire and develop a set of specific skills which are necessary for reading (Heller, 2004, p. 4). For example, one can speak about the recognition of meaningful units such as morphemes or words (Westwood, 2001). Secondly, learners need to focus on such skills as finding letter-to-sound corresp ondence or comprehension of the ideas expressed by the author (Westwood, 2001). Moreover, the task of a teacher is to develop exercises that prompt learners to use each of the reading skills (Westwood, 2001, p. 42; Heller, 2004, p. 4). Some elements of this model are widely used by educators, especially at the time when they need to teach phonic awareness or word recognition.Advertising Looking for case study on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One can say that this model is of great use to educators, especially at the primary stages of education (Heller, 2004, p. 4). However, this approach has often been criticized because it does not take into account the reader’s background knowledge and its impact on literacy development. Moreover, this method is not sufficient for explaining the differences in individual interpretations of the same text. Furthermore, this model can lead to the situation when stu dents focus only drilling exercises without being able to interpret the text or reflect upon its major ideas (Heller, 2004, p. 4). Therefore, they can become averse to reading in the long term. Top-down approaches Psycholinguistic model Additionally, one can speak about top-down approaches. They imply that a reader makes hypotheses on the basis of brief text samples. Furthermore, these hypotheses are based on his/her knowledge of grammar or vocabulary (Kucer, 2009). Moreover, according to this perspective, effective reading involves such cognitive processes as memorizing or contextual understanding of words and phrases. Overall, this approach can be exemplified with the help of the psycholinguistic model which can also be adopted by teachers. It is premised on the assumption that students tend to make and test predictions while reading (Hill, 2006, p. 142). For example, they can make guesses about the meaning of words, short phrases, sentences, as well as the entire text (Birch, 200 6, p. 7). The main issue is that they may not necessarily read every sentence, world, or letter. As a rule, they rely on their background knowledge while making conjectures about the content of the text (Taylor 2008, p. 30). It should be kept in mind that this model is often used by teachers working with ESL students who may not know the meaning of every word or phrase (Taylor 2008, p. 30). Thus, they have to make assumptions about the possible meaning of lexical or syntactic units (Williams, 2003). In this case, a teacher should pay close attention to students’ background knowledge because in this way, one can anticipate the difficulties that learners can face. It is necessary to compare psycholinguistic and skills model. The supporters of psycholinguistic model such Kenneth Goodman recognize the necessity for well-developed reading skills (Goodman, 1973, p. 263). However, there are important distinctions that should not be disregarded. For instance, according to skills mode l, reading is a sequential process.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Three Reading Models and a Balanced Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In turn, a learner can fully recognize a word only when he/she can recognizes each of its letters. Similarly, the meaning of the world is derived only at the time when one can see its syntactic relations with other lexemes within a sentence. In turn, the advocates of psycholinguistic model challenge this assumption. For example, they argue that readers tend to make a hypothesis about the meaning of a text without reading each of the sentences (Taylor 2008, p. 30). If students believe that their predictions are not correct, they have to read some parts of the text once again. Overall, these models can effectively supplement one another. Socio-cultural model Furthermore, it is important to examine the socio-cultural model of reading which is also of great values to mode rn educators. This method has been advocated by such scholars as Allan Luke and Peter Freebody (1997) who advocate the idea of multiple literacies. According to this approach, while interpreting the meaning of a text, learners rely on their background knowledge, worldviews, attitudes, beliefs, and so forth (Konza, 2006, p. 50). To a great extent, their understanding can be affected by socio-cultural context or identity of a student (Hammerberg, 2004). This is one of the main premises that are incorporated in this model. Therefore, teachers should be aware about socio-cultural differences that shape the development of literacy. This task is of great importance to Australian society which is very diverse in terms culture. Apart from that, readers first attempt to understand the purpose of the text, because this knowledge can help them evaluate the main idea that the writer wants to express. Moreover, they tend to reflect on the context in which a certain text can be written. For examp le, readers should bear in mind that the texts written for digital media can differ from those ones which are intended for printed press (Collins, 2003, p. 174). Overall, socio-cultural model emphasizes the importance of context. According to this model, there are multiple literacies (Collins, 2003, p. 174).Advertising Looking for case study on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, a reader should know how written language is used by the representatives of various cultural groups. This knowledge can enable a student to understand the major ideas of a text (Collins, 2003, p. 174). Secondly, he/she should be aware of how technologies changed written communication. It is possible to discuss the similarities of this method with skills and psycholinguistic model. Similar to psycholinguistic model, socio-cultural method is based on the importance of background knowledge. The main peculiarity of this model is that it does not focus only on linguistic competence of the reader. Much attention should be paid to reader’s understanding of culture and society. Thus, one can say that the socio-cultural approach incorporates an extended notion of background knowledge. This is the main aspect that distinguishes this approach from psycholinguistic model. Apart from that, this method recognizes such a notion as decoding skills. The use of theories for the de velopment of the balanced approach The models, which have been discussed in the previous section, can supplement one another, and they can be used for developing a balanced approach to reading. In this context, the term balanced approach is used to describe a method that incorporates the development of separate skills and ability to understand the meaning of a text (Westwood, 2001, p. 47). Yet, the balanced approach is not a mere combination of top-down and bottom-up techniques. Educators should remember that teaching should be child-centered (Westwood, 2001, p. 48). This is the main principle that should be considered. This method incorporates various theoretical frameworks and models (Brooks, Fisher, Lewis, 2004, p. 220). It implies that educators should attach more importance to the observations that they make in the classroom (Cohen Cowen, 2007, p. 37). In this way, teachers can better evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different theories. These are the main principles t hat underlie the balanced approach (Winch et al., 2012). To a great extent, the balanced approach established in Austria reflects these models. For example, according to these requirements, teachers should focus on the development of phonics and decoding skills (NSW Department of School Education 1997, p. 12). Such a strategy is widely used in primary schools. This requirement is a reflection of skills model which is necessary for the development of many reading exercises. Apart from that, students are taught various strategies that can help them to understand the meaning of the text (NSW Department of School Education 1997, p. 244). They should be able to make predictions about the arguments expressed by the author. This requirement originates from psycholinguistic model. This approach is also beneficial for the needs for ESL students. Furthermore, the balanced approach incorporates the idea of multiple literacies (Maltais, 2008). In other words, readers should learn more about cul tural or social knowledge that is essential for interpreting written communication. Additionally, learners are encouraged to use their background knowledge about the topic (NSW Department of School Education 1997, p. 12). They should understand the peculiarities of written communication in digital or print media (Amant, 2007). To a great extent, this requirement originates from socio-cultural model which became popular several decades ago. Furthermore, much emphasis is placed on such a notion as intertextuality (Baker, 2004). This term implies that the meaning of a word, phrase, or sentence may not be understood if a person is not familiar with the relations between different texts. This argument is particularly relevant if one speaks about the use of quotations (Baker, 2004). On the whole, the balanced approach incorporates the elements of different models. Conclusion Overall, this discussion shows that one cannot develop a universal model that can fully explain every aspect of the reading process. The attempts to find this approach are more likely to be futile. Furthermore, teaching literacy cannot be based on a single theory. Instead, one can argue that there are different theories which can effectively supplement one another. This argument is particularly relevant to socio-cultural model, skills model, and psycholinguistic model. They can be used for developing various cognitive processes that are related to reading. Additionally, they are necessary for the life-long learning of a person. These are the main points that can be made. Reference List Amant, K. (2007). Linguistic and cultural online communication issues in the global  age. New York, NY: Information Science Reference. Baker, M. (2004). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. New York, NY: Routledge. Birch, B. (2006). English L2 Reading: Getting to the Bottom. New York, NY: Psychology Press. Brooks, G., Fisher, R., Lewis, M. (2004). Raising Standards in Literacy. New York, NY: Routledge. Cohen, V., Cowen, J. (2007). Literacy for Children in an Information Age:  Teaching Reading, Writing, and Thinking: Teaching Reading, Writing, and Thinking. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Collins, J. (2003). Literacy and Literacies: Texts, Power, and Identity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Goodman, K. (1973). The Psycholinguistic Nature of the Reading Process. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. Hammerberg, D. (2004). Comprehension instruction for socioculturally diverse  classrooms: A review of what we know. The Reading Teacher, 57(7), 648-658. Harris, P. (2006). Reading in the primary school years. Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia. Heller, M. (1999). Reading-Writing Connections: From Theory to Practice. New York, NY: Psychology Press. Hill, S. (2006). Developing early literacy: assessment and teaching. New York, NY: Eleanor Curtain Publishing. Konza, D. (2006). Teaching Children with Reading Difficulties. Melbourne, Australia: Cengag e Learning Australia. Kucer, S. (2009). Dimensions of Literacy: A Conceptual Base for Teaching Reading  and Writing in School Settings. New York, NY: Routledge. Luke, A., Freebody, P. (1997). Constructing Critical Literacies: Teaching and  Learning Textual Practice. New York, NY: Allen Unwin. Maltais, C. (2008). Perspectives on Multiple Literacies: International Conversations. New York, NY: Detselig Enterprises. NSW Department of School Education. (1997). Teaching Reading:  A K-6 Framework. Web. Taylor, M. (2008). Orthographic and Phonological Awareness Among L1 Arabic ESL  Learners: A Quasi-experimental Study. New York: ProQuest. Westwood, P. (2001). Reading and Learning Difficulties: Approaches to teaching  and assessment. Camberwell, Victoria: The Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd. Williams, J. (2003). Preparing To Teach Writing: Research, Theory, and Practice. New York, NY: Routledge. Winch, G., Johnston, R., March, P., Ljungdahl, L., Holliday, M. (201 2). Literacy:  reading, writing and childrens literature. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press.